Compare the cost of allocating and freeing variable-sized regions using
a bitmap, IDA and a Maple Tree. All implementations process the same
randomly generated sequence of regions containing up to 32 entries, until
the configured capacity is exhausted.
The benchmark exercises monotonic allocation into an initially empty pool,
followed by reverse-order freeing. It does not model fragmentation or
interleaved allocation and freeing, nor does it isolate locking or RCU
overhead. Allocation time includes the terminal failed request that detects
exhaustion.
Run the benchmark at several capacities to show how the approaches scale.
Report allocation and free times separately because bitmap, IDA and Maple
Tree removal have substantially different costs.
On x86/kvm, the output example is:
Start testing bitmap vs IDA vs Maple Tree region allocation
memory: bitmap is exact; IDA and Maple Tree are lower bounds
Type alloc (ns) free (ns) regions capacity memory (B)
Bitmap 93457345 176151 60644 1000000 125000
Maple 11758660 12870146 60644 1000000 1552656
IDA 31066416 20870824 60644 1000000 134864
Bitmap 919119 17679 6032 100000 12504
Maple 1158193 1187140 6032 100000 154640
IDA 2759670 2116004 6032 100000 14288
Bitmap 17120 2043 613 10000 1256
Maple 116350 117537 613 10000 15888
IDA 243396 202654 613 10000 1872
Bitmap 1220 262 55 1000 128
Maple 12076 10106 55 1000 1552
IDA 25730 20875 55 1000 144
Bitmap 593 124 18 100 16
Maple 3599 4782 18 100 528
IDA 3266 1960 18 100 144
Bitmap 414 129 10 10 8
Maple 2143 1385 10 10 272
IDA 892 648 10 10 16
Region allocation benchmark complete
Reported IDA and Maple Tree memory figures exclude slab overhead
and transient allocations. The Maple Tree figure is additionally
a lower-bound estimate that assumes fully occupied leaf nodes and
excludes internal nodes.
IDA has no region-allocation API, so each region is implemented as
a sequence of single-ID allocations. The IDs remain contiguous
because this benchmark fills an initially empty IDA monotonically.
The benchmark is motivated by the discussion linked below about choosing
the best data structure for the channel ID pool with the capacity of 2048
IDs for the nova GPU driver.
Specifically for 2048 IDs the result is:
Bitmap 5112 615 121 2048 256
Maple 78526 59592 121 2048 3344
IDA 165274 117761 121 2048 848
The benchmark accepts a list of up to 64 nonzero capacities to test.
For example:
insmod region_alloc_benchmark.ko capacities=1024,2048,4096,65536
The list may contain duplicate capacities. Each occurrence generates a new
region-size sequence, which is useful for collecting statistical
characteristics of the benchmark results.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260710-chid-maple-v1-1-4ee869055268@nvidia.com/
Tested-by: Eliot Courtney <ecourtney@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Eliot Courtney <ecourtney@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
Return the bitmap size, rather than size + 1, when
bitmap_find_next_zero_area_off() cannot find a suitable area. This
matches the conventional find_bit() failure sentinel and still lets
callers detect failure with an out-of-range check.
Document the public failure contract as a value greater than or equal
to the bitmap size, without requiring callers to depend on the exact
sentinel.
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
bitmap_find_next_zero_area() uses an out-of-range return value to
indicate failure. Check for values greater than or equal to the bitmap
size so the caller does not depend on the exact failure sentinel.
Acked-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
bitmap_find_next_zero_area() uses an out-of-range return value to
indicate failure. Accept only offsets strictly below the bitmap size so
the callers do not depend on the exact failure sentinel.
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
bitmap_find_next_zero_area() uses an out-of-range return value to
indicate failure. Check for values greater than or equal to the bitmap
size so the caller does not depend on the exact failure sentinel.
Acked-by: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
bitmap_find_next_zero_area() uses an out-of-range return value to
indicate failure. Check for values greater than or equal to the bitmap
size so the caller does not depend on the exact failure sentinel.
Acked-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
__nodemask_pr_numnodes() currently returns MAX_NUMNODES as the field
width for '%*pb[l]' nodemask printing. MAX_NUMNODES is a compile-time
upper bound and can be much larger than the runtime node id range,
resulting in excessive zero padding in bitmap-form output.
For example, /proc/<pid>/status prints Mems_allowed with '%*pb' using
the nodemask_pr_args() helper. On systems built with MAX_NUMNODES=1024
but booted with a much smaller possible-node range, this produces:
Mems_allowed: 00000000,00000000,...,00000003
Switch to nr_node_ids, matching the behavior of cpumask_pr_args() which
uses nr_cpu_ids. This reduces the output width from MAX_NUMNODES bits
to the runtime node id range:
Mems_allowed: 3
Visible impact on in-tree users:
- Bitmap format ('%*pb') users:
* /proc/<pid>/status Mems_allowed (format changes as shown above)
- List format ('%*pbl') users, output is unchanged, as list formatter
only prints set bit ranges:
* /sys/devices/system/node/{possible,online,has_normal_memory, ...}
* NVMe multipath sysfs numa_nodes
* memory tier sysfs nodelist
* cpuset cgroup mems and effective_mems files
* /proc/<pid>/status Mems_allowed_list
* mempolicy strings in /proc/<pid>/numa_maps
* SLUB debugfs output
* Kernel log messages printing nodemasks
Move nr_node_ids and nr_online_nodes declarations earlier in the file
to allow __nodemask_pr_numnodes() to use nr_node_ids.
Cc: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Signed-off-by: Li RongQing <lirongqing@baidu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
Erhard reports failure of bitmap tests on powerpc:
test_bitmap: loaded.
test_bitmap: [lib/test_bitmap.c:397] bitmaps contents differ: expected "1,3-4,9", got "1,3-4,9,65-71,73-79,81-87,89-95,97-99"
test_bitmap: parselist('0-2047:128/256'): 912
test_bitmap: scnprintf("%*pbl", '0-32767'): 5977
test_bitmap: test_bitmap_read_perf: 1191082
test_bitmap: test_bitmap_write_perf: 1270153
test_bitmap: failed 1 out of 208655 tests
It happens mainly when CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_PATTERN is set.
Commit 6b5a4b6873 ("bitmap: Add test for out-of-boundary
modifications for scatter & gather") extended the test to
out-of-boundary bits, but those bits were left uninitialised.
Properly initialise the entire result bitmap before the test.
[Yury: minor commit message tweaks]
Reported-by: Erhard Furtner <erhard_f@mailbox.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/ca3547ae-8b79-43a2-a758-23ec980bfd9a@mailbox.org
Fixes: 6b5a4b6873 ("bitmap: Add test for out-of-boundary modifications for scatter & gather")
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP) <chleroy@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths. Use sysfs_emit() and
cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/akANJ-AT7nHpRMq-@yury/
Acked-by: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths.
Use sysfs_emit() and cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
sdma_get_cpu_to_sde_map() is used by a sysfs show callback.
Use sysfs_emit() and cpumask_pr_args() to emit the mask.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
cpumask_show() is a sysfs show callback. Use sysfs_emit() and
cpumask_pr_args() to emit the mask.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
cpumask_show() is a sysfs show callback. Use sysfs_emit() and
cpumask_pr_args() to emit the mask.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths. Use sysfs_emit() and
cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
show_cpus_attr() is a sysfs show callback. Use sysfs_emit() and
cpumask_pr_args() to emit the mask.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths.
Use sysfs_emit() and cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths.
Use sysfs_emit() and cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
These callbacks are sysfs show paths.
Use sysfs_emit() and cpumask_pr_args() to emit the masks.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
The *_bit_le functions use a signed integer for the bit number.
However, the *_bit functions can use an unsigned long. This causes
problems if there is a large bitmap and a bit number > 0x80000000 is
passed in. Since that is a negative int, it will get sign extended to a
long when getting passed to the *_bit function, turning it into a huge
bit number. This usually ends up with the memory address wrapping around
and the function accessing memory before the start of the bitmap.
Avoid this by making the *_bit_le functions take an unsigned long.
This can be triggered by faking an almost 4TB dm-mirror device, which
uses bitmaps to track the mirror regions:
$ dmsetup create bigzero --table '0 8589934590 zero'
$ dmsetup create mymirror --table '0 8589934590 mirror core 2 2 nosync 2 /dev/mapper/bigzero 0 /dev/mapper/bigzero 0'
This will access memory before the start of the sync_bits bitmap, and
likely hit the guard page of the previously allocated clean_bits bitmap,
causing a kernel panic with the old code.
I looked and didn't see any crazy code using the signed int to
intentionally try and access bits before some address within the bitmap.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Marzinski <bmarzins@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
Finding a contiguous free region in a highly fragmented
bitmap is not easy and may require many repeated attempts.
Therefore, find_next_bit(map, end, index) is not the optimal choice.
This is because there may be multiple scattered free regions
within the range [index, end) and none of them will meet the length
requirement of @nr.
Instead, it's sufficient to directly find the last bit within
the range [index, end), thus reducing unnecessary repeated calls.
An example of a bitmap:
Bits 0-3: cleared(4 bits)
Bits 4-5: set (2 bits)
Bits 6-8: cleared(4 bits)
Bits 9-10: set (2 bits)
Bits 11-20: cleared(10 bits)
The goal is to find a 10-bit free region.
The old code logic is as follows:
find_next_zero_bit(start = 0, find bit 0) -> find_next_bit(find bit 4) ->
next loop ->
find_next_zero_bit(start = 5, find bit 6) -> find_next_bit(find bit 9) ->
next loop ->
find_next_zero_bit(start = 10, find bit 11) -> success
The new code logic is as follows:
find_next_zero_bit(start = 0, find bit 0) -> find_last_bit(find bit 9) ->
next loop ->
find_next_zero_bit(start = 10, find bit 11) -> success
Performance test results on my hardware(use lib/find_bit_benchmark.c):
before after change p-value
dense 1211 688 -43.2% 8.3e-11
sparse 13.3 13.4 0.8% 0.27
Yury:
The less micro-benchmark kselftest/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap gives
even better numbers:
Metric Before After Change
Trace span 194.0 ms 87.1 ms -55.1%
Total CMA alloc time 48.46 ms 16.11 ms -66.8%
Avg alloc latency 184.94 us 61.49 us -66.8%
Median alloc latency 73.72 us 20.59 us -72.1%
p90 alloc latency 329.76 us 55.63 us -83.1%
p99 alloc latency 1866.76 us 859.83 us -53.9%
Max alloc latency 4821.91 us 2324.41 us -51.8%
By request size:
Request Before Avg After Avg Change
1 page 79.68 us 34.47 us -56.7%
256 pages 285.50 us 87.30 us -69.4%
Co-developed-by: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: sunyi <279644543@qq.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
Switch to pr_info("... %pbl"), and drop the temporary buffer allocation.
This prepares for removing cpumap_print_to_pagebuf().
Reviewed-by: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
While the GCC and Clang compilers already define __ASSEMBLER__
automatically when compiling assembly code, __ASSEMBLY__ is a
macro that only gets defined by the Makefiles in the kernel.
This can be very confusing when switching between userspace
and kernelspace coding, or when dealing with uapi headers that
rather should use __ASSEMBLER__ instead. So let's standardize now
on the __ASSEMBLER__ macro that is provided by the compilers.
This is a completely mechanical patch (done with a simple "sed -i"
statement).
Signed-off-by: Thomas Huth <thuth@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <ynorov@nvidia.com>
- Avoid redundant allocations when allocating IMSIC page tables
- Apply SBI FWFT LOCK flag only on successful set
- Bound SBI PMU counter mask scan to BITS_PER_LONG, since on RV32
the PMU SBI start/stop helper can only access 32 PMU counters.
- Skip TLB flush when G-stage PTE becomes valid if the Svvptc
extension is available.
- Always show Zicbo[m|z|p] block sizes in ONE_REG
- Inject instruction access fault on unmapped guest fetch
- Use raw spinlock for irqs_pending and irqs_pending_mask
- Fix Spectre-v1 in vector register access via ONE_REG
x86:
- Fixes to SEV selftests.
- Once free_nested() did a VMCLEAR of shadow VMCS, there's no need to VMCLEAR it
again if the kernel is preempted and thread migration happens
- Preserve nested TDP shadow page tables if they are used as roots, instead of
clearing them unnecessarily
- Fix use of stale data if out-of-memory happens after vendor module reload
- Check for invalid/obsolete root *after* making MMU pages available, because
the latter can make a page invalid
- Only reset TSC Deadline Timer in apic_timer_expired on KVM_RUN
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Merge tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm
Pull kvm fixes from Paolo Bonzini:
"RISC-V:
- Avoid redundant allocations when allocating IMSIC page tables
- Apply SBI FWFT LOCK flag only on successful set
- Bound SBI PMU counter mask scan to BITS_PER_LONG, since on RV32 the
PMU SBI start/stop helper can only access 32 PMU counters.
- Skip TLB flush when G-stage PTE becomes valid if the Svvptc
extension is available.
- Always show Zicbo[m|z|p] block sizes in ONE_REG
- Inject instruction access fault on unmapped guest fetch
- Use raw spinlock for irqs_pending and irqs_pending_mask
- Fix Spectre-v1 in vector register access via ONE_REG
x86:
- Fixes to SEV selftests
- Once free_nested() did a VMCLEAR of shadow VMCS, there's no need to
VMCLEAR it again if the kernel is preempted and thread migration
happens
- Preserve nested TDP shadow page tables if they are used as roots,
instead of clearing them unnecessarily
- Fix use of stale data if out-of-memory happens after vendor module
reload
- Check for invalid/obsolete root *after* making MMU pages available,
because the latter can make a page invalid
- Only reset TSC Deadline Timer in apic_timer_expired on KVM_RUN"
* tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm:
KVM: x86: Only reset TSC Deadline Timer in apic_timer_expired on KVM_RUN
KVM: selftests: sev_init2_tests: Derive SEV availability from KVM
KVM: selftests: sev_smoke_test: Only run VM types the host offers
KVM: x86/mmu: Fix use-after-free on vendor module reload
KVM: x86/mmu: Preserve nested TDP shadow page tables if they are used as roots
KVM: x86: Check for invalid/obsolete root *after* making MMU pages available
KVM: nVMX: Hide shadow VMCS right after VMCLEAR
KVM: riscv: Fix Spectre-v1 in vector register access
RISC-V: KVM: Serialize virtual interrupt pending state updates
RISC-V: KVM: Inject instruction access fault on unmapped guest fetch
RISC-V: KVM: Zicbo[m|z|p] block sizes should be always present in ONE_REG
riscv: kvm: Skip TLB flush when G-stage PTE becomes valid with Svvptc
KVM: riscv: PMU: Bound counter mask scan to BITS_PER_LONG
KVM: riscv: SBI FWFT: Apply LOCK flag only on successful set
RISC-V: KVM: Avoid redundant page-table allocations in ioremap topup
- tracing/probes: Avoid temporary buffer truncation in match_command_args()
Compare argument name, delimiter, and comm expression directly instead of
formatting into a stack buffer to prevent false matching failures.
- tracing/probes: Prevent out-of-bounds write in __trace_probe_log_err()
Return early when trace_probe_log.argc is zero to prevent out-of-bounds
access when constructing the formatted error command string.
- tracing/probes: Fix potential underflow in LEN_OR_ZERO macro
Ensure buffer length is greater than current position before subtraction
to prevent unsigned size underflow when formatting print strings.
- tracing/eprobe: Fix exact system name matching in eprobe_dyn_event_match()
Check system name null-termination to avoid partial prefix matching when
comparing event probe target system names.
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Merge tag 'probes-fixes-v7.2-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace
Pull probes fixes from Masami Hiramatsu:
- Avoid temporary buffer truncation in match_command_args()
Compare argument name, delimiter, and comm expression directly
instead of formatting into a stack buffer to prevent false
matching failures
- Prevent out-of-bounds write in __trace_probe_log_err()
Return early when trace_probe_log.argc is zero to prevent
out-of-bounds access when constructing the formatted error
command string
- Fix potential underflow in LEN_OR_ZERO macro
Ensure buffer length is greater than current position before
subtraction to prevent unsigned size underflow when formatting
print strings
- Fix exact system name matching in eprobe_dyn_event_match()
Check system name null-termination to avoid partial prefix
matching when comparing event probe target system names
* tag 'probes-fixes-v7.2-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace:
tracing/eprobe: Fix exact system name matching in eprobe_dyn_event_match()
tracing/probes: Fix potential underflow in LEN_OR_ZERO macro
tracing/probes: Prevent out-of-bounds write in __trace_probe_log_err()
tracing/probes: Avoid temporary buffer truncation in trace_probe_match_command_args()
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Merge tag 'for-7.2-rc4-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kdave/linux
Pull btrfs fixes from David Sterba:
"I'm catching up with the fix backlog in the development branch, so
here's a number of them and will probably send one more for this or
the next rc:
- relocation fixes:
- skip attempting compression on reloc inodes
- exclude inline extents from file extent offset checks
- fix minor memory leak after error when adding reloc root
- fix root cleanup after inserting and merging
- fix clearing folio tags after writeback
- clear logging flag of extent map before splitting
- fix unsigned 32/64 type conversions when accounting dirty metadata,
leading to continually exceeding threshold
- fix regression in 32bit compat ioctl for subvolume info
- fix type of SEARCH_TREE ioctl buffer in UAPI header
- fix expression in ASSERT expression which can be unconditionally
evaluated on some compilers
- only account delalloc bytes for regular inodes"
* tag 'for-7.2-rc4-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kdave/linux:
btrfs: fix GET_SUBVOL_INFO after compat refactor
btrfs: free mapping node on duplicate reloc root insert
btrfs: fix a regression where PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY is never cleared
btrfs: don't propagate EXTENT_FLAG_LOGGING to split extent maps
btrfs: fix u32 to s64 type conversion in dirty_metadata_bytes accounting
btrfs: fix NULL pointer deref during assertion in btrfs_backref_free_node()
btrfs: only account delalloc bytes for regular file inodes in btrfs_getattr()
btrfs: reject inline file extents item in get_new_location()
btrfs: do not try compression for data reloc inodes
btrfs: declare btrfs_ioctl_search_args_v2::buf as __u8
btrfs: fix reloc root cleanup in merge_reloc_roots()
btrfs: fix use-after-free on reloc root after error in insert_dirty_subvol()
- Avoid redundant page-table allocations in ioremap pcache topup
- Apply SBI FWFT LOCK flag only on successful set
- Bound SBI PMU counter mask scan to BITS_PER_LONG
- Skip TLB flush when G-stage PTE becomes valid with Svvptc
- Zicbo[m|z|p] block sizes should be always present in ONE_REG
- Inject instruction access fault on unmapped guest fetch
- Serialize virtual interrupt pending state updates using raw spinlock
- Fix Spectre-v1 in vector register access via ONE_REG
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Merge tag 'kvm-riscv-fixes-7.2-1' of https://github.com/kvm-riscv/linux into HEAD
KVM/riscv fixes for 7.2, take #1
- Avoid redundant page-table allocations in ioremap pcache topup
- Apply SBI FWFT LOCK flag only on successful set
- Bound SBI PMU counter mask scan to BITS_PER_LONG
- Skip TLB flush when G-stage PTE becomes valid with Svvptc
- Zicbo[m|z|p] block sizes should be always present in ONE_REG
- Inject instruction access fault on unmapped guest fetch
- Serialize virtual interrupt pending state updates using raw spinlock
- Fix Spectre-v1 in vector register access via ONE_REG
On Intel platforms with a VMX preemption timer and APICv, if a VMM
calls KVM_GET_LAPIC before KVM_GET_MSRS to save the vCPU state, it is
possible to lose a pending timer interrupt.
If the thread running these ioctls is migrated to another core after
calling KVM_GET_LAPIC but before KVM_GET_MSRS and the guest is using
their LAPIC timer in TSC-deadline mode, not only does the save LAPIC
state not carry the pending interrupt, the TSCDEADLINE MSR will be
zeroed.
After migration across CPUs, KVM_GET_MSRS calls vcpu_load, posting the
interrupt and clearing the MSR:
vcpu_load() ->
kvm_arch_vcpu_load() ->
kvm_lapic_restart_hv_timer() ->
start_hv_timer() ->
apic_timer_expired() ->
kvm_apic_inject_pending_timer_irqs()
. post interrupt into the LAPIC state
. clear IA32_TSCDEADLINE
The saved LAPIC state will be missing the pending interrupt and the saved
MSR will be zero. Oops.
Fix by only posting an interrupt when we're attempting to enter the guest
(vcpu->wants_to_run == true), not for vcpu_load from other paths.
Assisted-by: gemini:gemini-3.1-pro-preview
Debugged-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>
Debugged-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Debugged-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com>
Debugged-by: James Houghton <jthoughton@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Srinivas <venkateshs@chromium.org>
Message-ID: <20260715234234.15382-2-venkateshs@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: James Houghton <jthoughton@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Chao Gao <chao.gao@intel.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: ae95f566b3 ("KVM: X86: TSCDEADLINE MSR emulation fastpath", 2020-05-15)
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
The test asserted that the X86_FEATURE_SEV CPUID bit exactly matches
whether KVM offers KVM_X86_SEV_VM. That is not an invariant: when all
SEV ASIDs are assigned to SEV-SNP, KVM does not offer the SEV VM type
even though CPUID reports SEV, so the test aborts on an SNP-only host.
Derive SEV availability from KVM_CAP_VM_TYPES (as already done for SEV-ES
and SNP), assert only the one-way implication that a type offered by KVM
is also reported in CPUID, and TEST_REQUIRE() the SEV VM type so the test
skips cleanly when it is unavailable.
Reviewed-by: Tycho Andersen (AMD) <tycho@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw@amazon.co.uk>
Message-ID: <5d3c345113748f39b7982e365d241abaf3e11086.1784545391.git.dwmw@amazon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
sev_smoke_test ran the plain SEV subtest unconditionally, gated only on
the X86_FEATURE_SEV CPUID bit, while gating SEV-ES and SNP on the
KVM_CAP_VM_TYPES bits. CPUID reporting SEV does not mean KVM offers the
SEV VM type: when all SEV ASIDs are assigned to SEV-SNP, KVM_X86_SEV_VM
is unavailable even though X86_FEATURE_SEV is set. On such a host the
test aborts in KVM_CREATE_VM instead of exercising the available modes.
Gate the SEV subtest on KVM_CAP_VM_TYPES like the others, so the test
runs the VM types the host actually offers.
Reviewed-by: Tycho Andersen (AMD) <tycho@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw@amazon.co.uk>
Message-ID: <2b5e7a83d277134294199a455469bb436196b902.1784545391.git.dwmw@amazon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
mmu_destroy_caches() destroys pte_list_desc_cache and
mmu_page_header_cache, but leaves both pointers unchanged. The pointers
live in kvm.ko, and therefore survive when a vendor module is unloaded
while kvm.ko remains loaded.
If creation of pte_list_desc_cache fails during a subsequent vendor
module load, its assignment sets pte_list_desc_cache to NULL and the
error path calls mmu_destroy_caches(). mmu_page_header_cache still
points to the cache destroyed during the preceding vendor module
unload. Passing that stale pointer to kmem_cache_destroy() causes a
slab use-after-free.
Reproduce the issue on a v7.1.3 kernel with CONFIG_KASAN=y,
CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC=y, CONFIG_KVM=m, and CONFIG_KVM_INTEL=m. A
one-shot test hook forces pte_list_desc_cache to NULL on the second
invocation of kvm_mmu_vendor_module_init():
1. Load kvm.ko and kvm-intel.ko, creating both caches.
2. Unload only kvm_intel, leaving kvm.ko loaded.
3. Reload kvm_intel and force initialization through the -ENOMEM path.
KASAN reports:
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in
kvm_mmu_vendor_module_init+0x5b/0x170 [kvm]
...
kmem_cache_destroy+0x21/0x1d0
kvm_mmu_vendor_module_init+0x5b/0x170 [kvm]
...
Allocated by task 16817:
__kmem_cache_create_args+0x12c/0x3b0
__kmem_cache_create.constprop.0+0xb6/0xf0 [kvm]
kvm_mmu_vendor_module_init+0x13b/0x170 [kvm]
...
Freed by task 16820:
kmem_cache_destroy+0x117/0x1d0
kvm_mmu_vendor_module_exit+0x21/0x30 [kvm]
Clear both pointers immediately after destroying their caches so that
the stored state reflects the caches' lifetime and repeated cleanup is
safe.
With the fix applied, the same injected vendor module reload fails with
-ENOMEM as expected and produces no KASAN report.
Fixes: cb498ea2ce ("KVM: Portability: Combine kvm_init and kvm_init_x86")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Phil Rosenthal <phil@phil.gs>
Message-ID: <20260718-kvm-mmu-cache-uaf-v3-1-e103b93c74e1@phil.gs>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages() excludes a shadow page whose root_count
is non-zero from top-level reclaim, because such a page cannot be
freed. The path in mmu_page_zap_pte() that recursively zaps a parentless
nested TDP child has no such check. As a result, a shadow page can
be zapped even if the page itself can't be freed; as the comment in
kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages() notes, zapping it will just force vCPUs
to rebuild the page.
As in top-level reclaim, do not recursively prepare zapping of a
nested TDP child whose root_count is non-zero.
Fixes: 2de4085ccc ("KVM: x86/MMU: Recursively zap nested TDP SPs when zapping last/only parent")
Signed-off-by: Hyunwoo Kim <imv4bel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Check for a "stale" page fault, i.e. for an invalid and/or obsolete root,
after making MMU pages available for the shadow MMU. If reclaiming shadow
pages zaps an in-use root, i.e. marks it invalid, then KVM will attempt to
map memory into an invalid root. On its own, populating an invalid root is
"fine", but because child shadow pages inherit their parent's role, any
children created during the map/fetch will be created as invalid pages,
thus violating KVM's invariant that invalid pages are never on the list of
active MMU pages.
Note, the underlying flaw has existed since KVM first started tracking
invalid roots in 2008 (commit 2e53d63acb, "KVM: MMU: ignore zapped root
pagetables"), but the true badness only came along in 2020 (Linux 5.9)
with the invariant that invalid shadow pages can't be on the list of
active pages.
Note #2, inheriting role.invalid when creating child shadow pages is also
far from ideal; that flaw will be addressed separately.
Reported-by: Hyunwoo Kim <imv4bel@gmail.com>
Fixes: f95eec9bed ("KVM: x86/mmu: Don't put invalid SPs back on the list of active pages")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
free_nested() frees the shadow VMCS while vmcs01 still points to it. But
because it is asynchronous with respect to loaded_vmcs_clear(), the vCPU
might migrate before the pointer is cleared and __loaded_vmcs_clear()
may then execute VMCLEAR.
The VMCS needs to stay attached until its explicit VMCLEAR completes, but
then it can be hidden and the page safely freed.
Fixes: 355f4fb140 ("kvm: nVMX: VMCLEAR an active shadow VMCS after last use")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Hyunwoo Kim <imv4bel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
eprobe_dyn_event_match() checks if the target event system in argv[0]
matches ep->event_system using strncmp(ep->event_system, argv[0], len).
However, if ep->event_system is longer than len (e.g. "eprobes" vs
"ep/event"), strncmp() still returns 0 because the first len characters
match.
Check that ep->event_system[len] is '\0' to ensure exact system name
matching.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/178454235856.290363.14872590900774231133.stgit@devnote2/
Fixes: 7d5fda1c84 ("tracing: Fix event probe removal from dynamic events")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Assisted-by: Antigravity:gemini-3.5-flash
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
In __set_print_fmt(), LEN_OR_ZERO is defined as (len ? len - pos : 0).
If len is non-zero but smaller than pos, len - pos evaluates to a negative
integer. When passed as a size argument to snprintf(), this negative value
is cast to a large unsigned size_t, bypassing buffer size limits.
Ensure len > pos before subtracting to avoid integer underflow.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/178454234934.290363.15247317871499514139.stgit@devnote2/
Fixes: 5bf652aaf4 ("tracing/probes: Integrate duplicate set_print_fmt()")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Assisted-by: Antigravity:gemini-3.5-flash
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
If trace_probe_log.argc is 0 in __trace_probe_log_err(), the loop
constructing the command string will not execute and p will remain equal to
command. Writing to *(p - 1) will cause an out-of-bounds access before
command. This should not happen, but better to be treated.
Reject if trace_probe_log.argc is 0.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/178454233992.290363.18323091580600697731.stgit@devnote2/
Fixes: ab105a4fb8 ("tracing: Use tracing error_log with probe events")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Assisted-by: Antigravity:gemini-3.5-flash
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
In trace_probe_match_command_args(), a stack buffer buf[MAX_ARGSTR_LEN + 1]
(256 bytes) is used to format "<name>=<comm>". However, since name can
be up to 32 bytes (MAX_ARG_NAME_LEN) and comm up to 255 bytes
(MAX_ARGSTR_LEN), the formatted string can exceed 256 bytes and get
truncated by snprintf(), causing spurious argument matching failures.
Instead of formatting into a temporary buffer on stack, compare the
argument name, the '=' delimiter, and the comm expression directly.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/178454233010.290363.10428767141343428804.stgit@devnote2/
Fixes: eb5bf81330 ("tracing/kprobe: Add per-probe delete from event")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Assisted-by: Antigravity:gemini-3.5-flash
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
aren't considered appropriate for backporting. 10 are for MM.
All are singletons - please see the relevant changelogs for details.
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Merge tag 'mm-hotfixes-stable-2026-07-20-11-37' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull misc fixes from Andrew Morton:
"12 hotfixes. 8 are cc:stable and the remainder address post-7.1 issues
or aren't considered appropriate for backporting. 10 are for MM.
All are singletons - please see the relevant changelogs for details"
* tag 'mm-hotfixes-stable-2026-07-20-11-37' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm:
mm/memory-failure: trace: change memory_failure_event to ras subsystem
mm: page_reporting: allow driver to set batch capacity
mm/kmemleak: fix checksum computation for per-cpu objects
mm/damon/core: disallow overlapping input ranges for damon_set_regions()
MAINTAINERS: add Usama as a THP reviewer
fat: avoid stack overflow warning
mm/damon/core: validate ranges in damon_set_regions()
m68k: avoid -Wunused-but-set-parameter in clear_user_page()
mm/huge_memory: set PG_has_hwpoisoned only after new folio head is established
mm/page_vma_mapped: fix device-private PMD handling
MAINTAINERS: s/SeongJae/SJ/
userfaultfd: prevent registration of special VMAs
The OCC poll response parser walks a counted list of sensor data blocks.
It used the static backing-array capacity as the parse boundary, but a
transport response makes only data_length bytes current and valid. A
truncated response can therefore make the parser consume a block header or
block extent outside the current response.
Use data_length as the parent boundary, prove the fixed poll header and
each current block header before reading them, and prove the complete block
before advancing. Keep parsed sensor metadata local until the complete
response has passed validation, then publish it. Propagate
malformed-response errors before publishing the OCC as active.
Fixes: aa195fe49b ("hwmon (occ): Parse OCC poll response")
Signed-off-by: Pengpeng Hou <pengpeng@iscas.ac.cn>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260720115826.14813-1-pengpeng@iscas.ac.cn
Signed-off-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
- Call flush_cache_vmap() after populating new vmemmap pages, on all
architectures. This avoids spurious faults on RISC-V
microarchitectures that cache PTEs marked as non-present
- Disable LTO for the vDSO to prevent the compiler from eliding
functions that are used, but which don't appear to be
- Fix an issue with libgcc's unwinder and signal handlers by dropping
an unnecessary CFI landing pad instruction in __vdso_rt_sigreturn
(similar to what was done on ARM64)
- Avoid reading uninitialized memory under certain conditions in
hwprobe_get_cpus()
- Save some memory and I$ when CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE=n by avoiding
our four-byte function alignment requirement in that case
- Avoid clang warnings about null-pointer arithmetic in the I/O-port
accessor macros (inb, outb, etc.) by ifdeffing them out when
!CONFIG_HAS_IOPORT
- Make the build of the lazy TLB flushing code in the vmalloc path
depend on CONFIG_64BIT and CONFIG_MMU (since those platforms are the
only ones that use it)
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Merge tag 'riscv-for-linus-7.2-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/riscv/linux
Pull RISC-V fixes from Paul Walmsley:
- Call flush_cache_vmap() after populating new vmemmap pages, on all
architectures. This avoids spurious faults on RISC-V
microarchitectures that cache PTEs marked as non-present
- Disable LTO for the vDSO to prevent the compiler from eliding
functions that are used, but which don't appear to be
- Fix an issue with libgcc's unwinder and signal handlers by dropping
an unnecessary CFI landing pad instruction in __vdso_rt_sigreturn
(similar to what was done on ARM64)
- Avoid reading uninitialized memory under certain conditions in
hwprobe_get_cpus()
- Save some memory and I$ when CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE=n by avoiding our
four-byte function alignment requirement in that case
- Avoid clang warnings about null-pointer arithmetic in the I/O-port
accessor macros (inb, outb, etc.) by ifdeffing them out when
!CONFIG_HAS_IOPORT
- Make the build of the lazy TLB flushing code in the vmalloc path
depend on CONFIG_64BIT and CONFIG_MMU (since those platforms are the
only ones that use it)
* tag 'riscv-for-linus-7.2-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/riscv/linux:
riscv: hwprobe: Avoid uninitialized read in hwprobe_get_cpus()
arch/riscv: vdso: remove CFI landing pad from rt_sigreturn
riscv: vdso: Do not use LTO for the vDSO
riscv: io: avoid null-pointer arithmetic in PIO helpers
riscv: Gate FUNCTION_ALIGNMENT_4B on DYNAMIC_FTRACE
mm/sparse-vmemmap: flush_cache_vmap() after hotplugging vmemmap
riscv: mm: Make mark_new_valid_map() stuff depend on 64BIT && MMU
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Merge tag 'block-7.2-20260717' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux
Pull block fixes from Jens Axboe:
- Fixes for the dio bounce buffer helpers: correct the alignment of
bounced dio read bios to avoid a double unpin, handle huge zero
folios in bio_free_folios(), and don't warn on the larger-order folio
attempts in the greedy allocation path.
- Try a slab allocation in bio_alloc_bioset() before falling back to
the mempool, restoring the previous behavior for non-sleeping
allocations from a cache-enabled bioset.
- Serialize elevator changes for the same queue using the writer lock.
- Fix a race in blk_time_get_ns() where a task preempted between
setting PF_BLOCK_TS and the cached-timestamp reload could return 0.
- blk-cgroup fix for leaks and the online flag on a radix_tree_insert()
failure in blkg_create().
- Free the copied pages when blk_rq_map_kern() fails after
blk_rq_append_bio() rejects the bio.
- Remove manually added partitions on loop device detach, fixing dead
partition devices left behind and a subsequent LOOP_CONFIGURE -EBUSY
- Bound the AIX partition lvd scan to the sector that was actually
read.
- Show the block operation in error injection rules (Jackie)
* tag 'block-7.2-20260717' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux:
block: fix aligning of bounced dio read bios
block: handle huge zero folios in bio_free_folios
block: try slab allocation in bio_alloc_bioset() before mempool
block: show operation in error injection rules
block: serialize elevator changes for the same queue using a writer lock
block: free copied pages when blk_rq_map_kern() fails
block: do not warn when doing greedy allocation in folio_alloc_greedy()
partitions: aix: bound the lvd scan to one sector
blk-cgroup: fix leaks and online flag on radix_tree_insert failure
loop: remove manually added partitions on detach
block: fix race in blk_time_get_ns() returning 0
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Merge tag 'io_uring-7.2-20260717' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux
Pull io_uring fixes from Jens Axboe:
- Fix a use-after-free in the bpf-ops struct_ops path, where the same
io_uring_bpf_ops map could be registered more than once.
- Fix the deferred iovec free for the provided-buffer grow path, which
could leave the caller with a dangling iovec and result in repeated
frees. Follow-up to the earlier fix in this series.
- Zero-check the unused addr3/pad2 SQE fields for unlinkat
* tag 'io_uring-7.2-20260717' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux:
io_uring/bpf-ops: reject re-registration of an already-bound ops
io_uring/fs: check unused sqe fields for unlinkat
io_uring/kbuf: free the replaced iovec after a successful grow
A couple of fairly routine driver fixes, nothing too remarkable.
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Merge tag 'spi-fix-v7.2-rc3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/spi
Pull spi fixes from Mark Brown:
"A couple of fairly routine driver fixes, nothing too remarkable"
* tag 'spi-fix-v7.2-rc3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/spi:
spi: cadence-quadspi: Fix indirect write timeout when DMA read mode is enabled
spi: dw-dma: Wait for controller idle before completing Tx
One straightforward driver fix for some incorrectly described bitfields
in the ltc3676 driver.
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Merge tag 'regulator-fix-v7.2-rc3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/regulator
Pull regulator fix from Mark Brown:
"One straightforward driver fix for some incorrectly described
bitfields in the ltc3676 driver"
* tag 'regulator-fix-v7.2-rc3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/regulator:
regulator: ltc3676: Fix incorrect IRQSTAT bit offsets
